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Nutrient Deficiency Chart for Plants
Nitrogen:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Entire plant turns yellow green, and the older leaves become more yellowish than the younger.
Older leaves do not die unless deficiency is extreme.
Phosphorus:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Plant stops growing and becomes darker green or stays green.
Some species may become purple with excess anthocyanin pigments building up.
Other species do not produce excess anthocyanins and just stay green and small.
Premature leaf drop-off.
Similar to nitrogen deficiency.
Calcium:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Mild deficiency: Smaller, distorted new leaf growth. Reduced leaf tissue, with the central vein persisting.
Leaves often cupped, rather than flat
Moderate deficiency: Often sudden bends or twisting of leaf, which is now much reduced in size.
White streaks or white edges in new growth. Roots are stubby and twisted. Root tips may die.
Leaves of Vallisneria are strongly crinkled as though they have tried to grow and got jammed in a small space.
Severe deficiency: New growth almost entirely white. Leaves are tiny deformed stumps. Growing points for both shoot and root die.
Damage and die off growing points.
Yellowish leaf edges.
Magnesium:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Indicots: Yellowing of older leaves that starts from the edges inwards. The midrib may remain
green while the edges are yellowed or whitish and dying (I don't know what this deficiency looks like in monocots like Vallisneria, but it should involve death of the older leaves.)
Yellow spots.
Potassium:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Small dead areas appear in older leaves. These can start like little pinpoints and grow. In some species, like Ceratopteris, the older leaves stay green while the little dead spots grow. The new leaves are reduced in size and leaf area, looking a bit 'singed'. In other species the older leaves can turn yellow before they die, but they do not have green persisting along the major veins as in magnesium deficiency.
Yellow areas, then withering of leave edges and tips.
Sulfur:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Similar to nitrogen deficiency
Iron:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Reduced chlorophyll in new growth. Leaves and stem are about the same shade. Growing tips of Ceratophyllum become pinkish and then white. Egeria densa tips become greenish yellow to yellow with the leaves small and clasped close to the stem. The new leaves of swords are smaller with patches or broad streaks extending lengthwise that are more pale than the rest of the leaf (in mild deficiency). In more severe deficiency in most plants chlorophyll is lacking completely in the new growth which soon dies.
Leaves Turn Yellow.
Greenish nerves enclosing yellow leaf tissue.
First seen in fast growing plants.
Manganese:
Dead yellowish tissue between leaf nerves.
Copper:
Dead leaf tips and withered edges.
Zinc:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Yellowish areas between nerves, Starting at leaf tip and edges.
Boron:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Very similar to calcium deficiency. New growth is distorted and smaller, and then the growing tips of both roots and shoots die. In mild deficiency in Crypts, the leaves are cupped and the roots are shorter and distorted.
Dead shoot tips, new side shoots also die.
Molybdenum:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Yellow spots between leaf nerves, then brownish areas along edges.
Inhibited flowering
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Entire plant turns yellow green, and the older leaves become more yellowish than the younger.
Older leaves do not die unless deficiency is extreme.
Phosphorus:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Plant stops growing and becomes darker green or stays green.
Some species may become purple with excess anthocyanin pigments building up.
Other species do not produce excess anthocyanins and just stay green and small.
Premature leaf drop-off.
Similar to nitrogen deficiency.
Calcium:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Mild deficiency: Smaller, distorted new leaf growth. Reduced leaf tissue, with the central vein persisting.
Leaves often cupped, rather than flat
Moderate deficiency: Often sudden bends or twisting of leaf, which is now much reduced in size.
White streaks or white edges in new growth. Roots are stubby and twisted. Root tips may die.
Leaves of Vallisneria are strongly crinkled as though they have tried to grow and got jammed in a small space.
Severe deficiency: New growth almost entirely white. Leaves are tiny deformed stumps. Growing points for both shoot and root die.
Damage and die off growing points.
Yellowish leaf edges.
Magnesium:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Indicots: Yellowing of older leaves that starts from the edges inwards. The midrib may remain
green while the edges are yellowed or whitish and dying (I don't know what this deficiency looks like in monocots like Vallisneria, but it should involve death of the older leaves.)
Yellow spots.
Potassium:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Small dead areas appear in older leaves. These can start like little pinpoints and grow. In some species, like Ceratopteris, the older leaves stay green while the little dead spots grow. The new leaves are reduced in size and leaf area, looking a bit 'singed'. In other species the older leaves can turn yellow before they die, but they do not have green persisting along the major veins as in magnesium deficiency.
Yellow areas, then withering of leave edges and tips.
Sulfur:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Similar to nitrogen deficiency
Iron:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Reduced chlorophyll in new growth. Leaves and stem are about the same shade. Growing tips of Ceratophyllum become pinkish and then white. Egeria densa tips become greenish yellow to yellow with the leaves small and clasped close to the stem. The new leaves of swords are smaller with patches or broad streaks extending lengthwise that are more pale than the rest of the leaf (in mild deficiency). In more severe deficiency in most plants chlorophyll is lacking completely in the new growth which soon dies.
Leaves Turn Yellow.
Greenish nerves enclosing yellow leaf tissue.
First seen in fast growing plants.
Manganese:
Dead yellowish tissue between leaf nerves.
Copper:
Dead leaf tips and withered edges.
Zinc:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Yellowish areas between nerves, Starting at leaf tip and edges.
Boron:
Leaves to show effects first: New
Very similar to calcium deficiency. New growth is distorted and smaller, and then the growing tips of both roots and shoots die. In mild deficiency in Crypts, the leaves are cupped and the roots are shorter and distorted.
Dead shoot tips, new side shoots also die.
Molybdenum:
Leaves to show effects first: Old
Yellow spots between leaf nerves, then brownish areas along edges.
Inhibited flowering
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